β-carotene hydroxylases and β-carotene ketolases target the ionone rings for additional modifications, which in marine bacteria and microalgae result in astaxanthin synthesis (Fig. 1).

[1] Leo MA， Lieber CS. Alcohol， vitamin A， and beta-carotene： adverse interactions， including hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Jun;69(6)：1071-85. [2] Maria Anna Leo Cho‐Il Kim ...

Carotenoids, the pigments responsible for the vibrant hues of tomatoes, carrots, and some seafood, are well-regarded for ...

Adverse health outcomes of VAD include increased mortality, night blindness, corneal scars, blindness and measles among children, as well as night blindness among pregnant and lactating women.