In nature, species will sometimes form unexpectedly close bonds and work to their ... However, mammals and oxpeckers may not be a perfect example of mutualism, as the birds can harm their hosts. The ...

Examples of density-dependent population ... make some basic predictions of phenomena known to occur in nature. Recognition that mutualism, like predation and competition, is based on the consumer ...

For example, leaf-cutter ants are the dominant ... Given the ubiquitous nature and importance of mutualism, it is imperative that we begin to devote more attention to the study of these systems ...