The answer is pretty obvious when you think it through, but that doesn’t mean that you can’t put the principle to use, as we see with this homemade Ulbricht sphere for optical measurements.

Sample placement and incidence beam/collection alignment are less critical to the measurement results because the integrating sphere looks at representative averaged energy from all angles at the same ...

WMO has issued new guidance on the measurement of permafrost and glaciers as part of wider efforts to improve observations and monitoring of the world’s rapidly changing cryosphere. This guide will ...