With a flat roof, rafters are sometimes called roof joists. Beams are structural elements that are designed to carry vertical gravitational forces or horizontal loads. They are subject to bending ...

Hot-rolled steel purlins predate modern metal building systems by decades. A multitude of industrial buildings constructed since the beginning of the twentieth century utilized hot-rolled channel and ...

Posts and beams can be steel, wood or engineered lumber ... carpenters measure from the edges rather than centers of the ...