By competing with aldosterone for receptor sites in distal renal tubules, spironolactone increases sodium chloride and water excretion while conserving potassium and hydrogen ions. The inhibition ...

Renal hypoperfusion occurs as a result of reduced cardiac output, resulting in the activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, which compensates for the hypoperfusion. However ...

The blood pressure was measured at rest in the morning, during and after physical exercise (both in the morning and in the afternoon season), as well as in urine/24 h the renin, angiotensin and ...

A robust model, such as aProximate TM, is required to study renal dysfunction and perform in vitro kidney disease modeling. This model expresses all transporters specialized in drug, solute, and ...