Matrix Layer Protocol/ – Matrix Layer Protocol (MLP), a pioneering project in the Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network (DePIN) space, is capturing global attention with its innovative ...

Discover how U2U Network is revolutionizing enterprise blockchain with DePIN, unlocking new possibilities for IoT, AI and ...

Abstract: In this letter, we derive the closed-form analytical expressions for the exact Bit Error Rate (BER) of Physical Layer Network Coding (PNC) systems ...

Abstract: In this article, we investigate the performance of physical-layer network coding (PNC) with hierarchical modulation (HM) over a two-way relay channel (TWRC). While Gray mapping is the ...

The ISDN Physical Layer is the first layer in the OSI model for Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) networking. It is responsible for the transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a ...

IntroductionDiscovered in 2021, Raspberry Robin (also known as Roshtyak) is a malicious downloader that has circulated in the wild for several years, primarily spreading through infected USB devices.

Let’s look at them in detail. Layer 1 refers to the main blockchain architecture or the base layer. The Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains are perfect examples of layer1 blockchains. They are behind the ...

Furthermore, they also enable scalability, security, and decentralization. Layer 1 solutions are different from layer 2 ones that are built over existing blockchain. They often operate as independent ...