Epidural steroid injections (ESIs; interlaminar, transforaminal, or caudal) are used to treat patients with radicular low back pain. Presumably, ESIs work by decreasing swelling and inflammation ...

Several techniques can be used to access the epidural space, including the interlaminar, transforaminal, and caudal approaches (Figure 1). Epidural glucocorticoid injection is primarily ...

Caudal lumbar epidural injections are performed by inserting a needle through the sacral hiatus into the epidural space at the sacral canal (Figs. 68-9 and 68-10). The patient is placed in a prone ...

To examine these circuits, we first used retrograde and anterograde anatomy to show that the rostral BLA (rBLA) and caudal BLA (cBLA) differentially project to prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) ...