X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique widely used for the surface analysis ... High-Resolution XPS (HR-XPS) uses a monochromator which provides the following advantages over a ...

This article describes what a monochromator is, how it works, the different types, what they are used for and their role in the spectrograph. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy is a widely used ...

This arrangement removes the sagittal and tangential astigmatism and coma of the classical Ebert‐Fastie, allowing the design to be extended from a monochromator to CCD spectroscopy. The Newtonian ...