Immanuel Kant 39;s Critique of Pure Reason (1781) represents a monumental shift in the history of philosophy .

Courtesy of Wikipedia Baruch Spinoza (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677), was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin.

Martin Heidegger, one of the most influential and controversial philosophers of the 20th century, fundamentally reshaped modern thought with his exploration of Being .