Solvent extraction: the coordination chemistry behind extractive ...
Strong extractants for metal cations have low pH 1/2 values, indicating that they are capable of recovering metals from highly acidic feed solutions. Conversely, a weak extractant for metal cations is only capable of recovering metals at high pH.
Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents as water-immiscible extractants …
Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are presented for the first time. They consist of decanoic acid and various quaternary ammonium salts. The effect of the alkyl chains on the hydrophobicity and the equilibrium of the two-phase DES–water system were investigated. These new DESs were successfully evalu.
Hard–Soft Interactions in Solvent Extraction with Basic Extractants ...
Typical basic extractants are protonated amines ([R y NH] + X –), quaternary ammonium salts ([R 4 N] + X –), or quaternary phosphonium salts ([R 4 P] + X –). In textbooks, these extractants are often said to be anion exchangers, which extract metals as anionic metal complexes by exchanging them for extractant anions (X –). This ...
Nonaqueous Solvent Extraction for Enhanced Metal Separations: …
There are four main types of extractants in SX systems, namely, acidic extractants (cation exchangers), neutral extractants (solvating extractants), basic extractants (anion exchangers), and binary extractants (acid–base extractants).
Traditional Extractants in Nontraditional Solvents: Groups 1 and 2 ...
2000年9月14日 · Highly hydrated salts such as Al (NO 3) 3 and LiNO 3 salt out both the RTIL ions and the crown ethers; thus, when the aqueous phase contains Al (NO 3) 3, the trend more closely resembles traditional solvent extraction behavior where DSr > DCs and the most hydrophobic extracting phase produces the highest partitioning.
A comprehensive review on solvent extraction ... - ScienceDirect
There are three main categories of extractants used: (i) acidic extractants, encompassing simple substances such as carboxylic acids and organophosphorus acids, as well as chelating acids such as hydroxyoximes, 8-hydroxyquinoline, and β-diketones; (ii) basic extractants composed of alkylammonium species; (iii) and solvating extractants which ...
Progress in phenanthroline-derived extractants for trivalent …
2024年8月29日 · This review first introduces the development history of phenanthroline-derived extractants for extraction and complexation with An(III) over Ln(III). Then, based on structural differences, these extractants are classified into four categories: nitrogen-coordinated, N,O-hybrid coordinated, highly preorganized structure, and unsymmetric structure ...
Design method of extractant for liquid–liquid extraction based on ...
2024年4月1日 · Liquid–liquid extraction is a common and effective separation method, and selecting an extraction agent is the key to extraction technology research. In this paper, a design method of extractants based on elements and chemical bonds was proposed. A knowledge-based molecular design method was adopted to pre-select elements and chemical bond ...
A critical review on solvent extraction of rare earths from …
2014年2月1日 · All three major classes of extractant, namely, cation exchangers (or acidic extractants), solvation extractants (or neutral extractants), and anion exchangers (or basic extractants), have been utilized for separating rare earths. Some chelating extractants have also been suggested for rare earth separations.
Chelating Extractants for Metals - MDPI
2022年7月28日 · This review focuses on the efficiency and selectivity of the extractants in the recovery of metals from industrial wastewater, soil, spent raw materials, and the separation of metal mixtures.
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